Thymalin

• Lymphocyte Differentiation & Immune Regulation: Thymalin enhances differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into mature CD28⁺ T‑lymphocytes, while reducing markers such as CD117 and CD44 associated with immature or apoptotic cells.
• Immunomodulation & Anti‑Inflammatory Action: It suppresses excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine production (e.g., IL‑1β, IL‑6, TNF‑α) and promotes regulatory cytokines, acting via NF‑κB and MAPK pathways in LPS stimulation models.
• Hematopoiesis & Regeneration: Thymalin normalizes hematopoietic function by supporting T and B cell populations, NK cell activity, and blood coagulation balance during recovery after chemotherapy or infection.
• Geroprotection & Aging Resistance: Studies in aged animals show regulation of gerontogenes and heat shock proteins, structural restoration of immunity, and reduced infection incidence—supporting its role in geroprotective mechanisms.
• Epigenetic Gene Regulation: The EW and KE peptide components bind histones and double-stranded DNA to modulate transcription of immune-related genes, including those involved in inflammation, regeneration, fibrinolysis, and apoptotic pathways.

Citations

1. PubChem Compound Summary for Thymulin (CID 3085284): sequence Pyr–Ala–Lys–Ser–Gln–Gly–Gly–Ser–Asn; MW 858.9 Da.
2. peptides.guide entry “Thymalin”: immunomodulatory short peptide complex, T/NK cell regulation.
3. Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Chalisova NI, Ivko OM, “The Use of Thymalin for Immunocorrection and Molecular Aspects of Biological Activity,” Biology Bulletin Reviews.
4. Khavinson VKh, Kuznik BI, Shapovalov KG, et al. “Peptide Drug Thymalin Regulates Immune Status in Severe COVID‑19 Older Patients,” Advances in Gerontology.
5. peptides.guide: sequence and formula details.
6. Shao Y, et al. “Immunomodulatory effect of Thymalin active peptides EW and KE in LPS‑induced inflammation” Int J Mol Sci.
7. Morozov VG & Khavinson VK. “Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction,” Int. J. Immunopharmacol.